Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies 0450: Frequent mistakes

Cambridge Principal Examiner Reports for Business Studies 0450 identify recurring weaknesses in definitions, application to context, and evaluation. Addressing these improves access to higher mark ranges.

Definition and terminology errors

Confusing related concepts

Candidates frequently confuse related business concepts:

• Specialisation vs. division of labour—specialisation is workers focusing on one task; division of labour is splitting work into tasks
• Sole trader characteristics vs. entrepreneur traits—e.g. incorrectly attributing risk-taking to sole trader structure rather than entrepreneur
• Starting capital vs. working capital—starting capital = money to set up; working capital = current assets − current liabilities
• Cashflow problem—defining it as “inflow less outflow” (the calculation) rather than the underlying reasons (e.g. late payments, overtrading, seasonal demand)

Fix: Learn precise definitions. Distinguish similar terms. Use syllabus terminology.

Business documents

Weak understanding of business document terminology—invoice, receipt, credit note, purchase order, etc.

Fix: Know purpose of each document. When it is used. Who sends/receives.

Application and context errors

Repeating information from the question

Simply repeating scenario information (e.g. “carpet” for a carpet business) without genuine application. This does not demonstrate understanding.

Fix: Use the context to apply concepts. “For a carpet manufacturer, this would mean…”, “In this business, because…”

Altering or misinterpreting questions

Altering questions to fit existing knowledge rather than answering what was asked. Answering generic questions when context-specific answers are required.

Fix: Read the question. Answer that question. Use the scenario.

Not using scenario in parts (c) and (d)

Parts (c) and (d) often require application and evaluation. Failing to use information from the scenario limits marks.

Fix: Refer to the business. Use figures. Apply concepts to the context.

Specific topic misunderstandings

Lean production

Confusing methods of production (job, batch, flow) with lean management strategies. Incorrectly stating lean, JIT, Kaizen as “methods of production”—they are approaches/techniques.

Fix: Methods = job, batch, flow. Lean/JIT/Kaizen = strategies to reduce waste, improve efficiency.

Added value

Explaining how packaging attracts customers rather than how it improves perceived quality and allows higher pricing (added value = selling price − cost of inputs).

Fix: Added value = difference between selling price and cost of materials. Packaging can increase perceived value → higher price.

Break-even analysis

Stating it shows “profit made” rather than the potential profit at any output level or the output level at which neither profit nor loss is made.

Fix: Break-even = TR = TC; no profit, no loss. Break-even chart shows profit/loss at different output levels.

Globalisation

Confusing with international trade. Globalisation = increasing interconnectedness of economies; FDI; MNCs; cultural exchange. Wider than trade alone.

Fix: International trade = buying/selling across borders. Globalisation = broader integration (trade, investment, culture, labour).

Evaluation weaknesses

Repetition instead of justification

Repeating already-explained points in evaluation instead of justified decisions. Evaluation needs weighing up, conclusion, reasoning.

Fix: “On balance…”, “The most important factor is… because…”, “However…”

Underdeveloped analysis

Failing to develop analysis fully. Single sentences per point instead of explanation and development.

Fix: Explain each point. Use examples. Link to the question.

Stating without explaining

Simply stating concepts (e.g. “efficiency” or “output would increase”) without explanation of how or why.

Fix: “Efficiency would increase because…”, “Output would rise as a result of…”

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Based on Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies 0450 Principal Examiner Reports (2021–2025).