IGCSE Geography: population pyramids is one of the most searched topics because they appear in data response and skills questions. You need to draw a pyramid from data, interpret shape (broad base = high birth rate; narrow top = high death rate/aging), and suggest reasons (e.g. policy, healthcare, economy).

What a Population Pyramid Shows

• Horizontal bars – Males on one side, females on the other; age groups (e.g. 0–4, 5–9, …) on the vertical axis.
• Shape – Wide base = many young (high birth rate); narrow top = fewer elderly (or high death rate). “Bulges” can show baby booms or migration.

How to Interpret for Exams

• Expanding (wide base) – Typical of many developing countries; high birth rate, improving healthcare.
• Stationary (more rectangular) – Birth and death rates lower; typical of some developed countries.
• Contracting (narrow base) – Low birth rate; aging population; e.g. Japan, parts of Europe.

Use specific place examples and geographical reasons (policy, religion, economy, education, healthcare) in your answers.

Exam-Style Questions and Common Mistakes

You may be asked to draw a population pyramid from data, interpret the shape (expanding, stationary, contracting), or suggest reasons for the structure (e.g. high birth rate, aging population). Common mistakes: Wrong axis labels or scale; describing without explaining (add why the shape occurs); generic answers without place names or data; confusing birth rate and death rate effects on pyramid shape. Practise drawing and interpreting with past paper and textbook examples. Link to case studies (e.g. Japan, Nigeria) where relevant.

Tutopiya Resources and Free Trial

Tutopiya’s Geography tutors can help you master population pyramids and link them to case studies and theory.

Book a free trial with an IGCSE Geography tutor or explore Tutopiya’s learning portal for free resources and Geography skills practice.