IB DP English Language and Literature: Command Terms
IB DP English: Command terms
IB Diploma Programme Language A: Language and Literature (and Literature) uses the standard IB command terms. Paper 1, Paper 2, Individual Oral and HL Essay all require precise response to command terms. Close analysis and supported argument are essential.
Key command terms for English
| Command term | What to do | Common mistake |
|---|---|---|
| Identify | Name or pick out | Adding interpretation |
| Describe | Account of features/content | Adding analysis |
| Explain | Reasons; how/why | Only describing |
| Analyse | Break down; show how parts create meaning | Surface-level |
| Compare | Similarities and/or differences | Listing separately |
| Contrast | Differences | Similarities |
| Discuss | Range of arguments; balanced view | One-sided |
| Evaluate | Strengths and limitations; judgement | Description only |
| Examine | Unpack assumptions; interrelationships | Surface-level |
| Interpret | Draw meaning from text | Stating plot only |
| Justify | Support with evidence from text | Unsupported claim |
| Outline | Brief account | Too much detail |
| Suggest | Propose reading; support with evidence | Random interpretation |
| To what extent | Judge degree of validity | Yes/no only |
Tips for English exams
- Analyse—quote + effect + link to meaning
- Discuss—multiple perspectives; conclusion with evidence
- Evaluate—strengths and limitations of text/argument
- Justify—always support with textual evidence
- Compare—integrate (“Both X and Y…”); don’t list separately
- Past papers—check mark schemes for assessment criteria
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Based on IB Diploma Programme Language A subject guides. Check the guide for component-specific criteria.
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