IB DP English: Command terms

IB Diploma Programme Language A: Language and Literature (and Literature) uses the standard IB command terms. Paper 1, Paper 2, Individual Oral and HL Essay all require precise response to command terms. Close analysis and supported argument are essential.

Key command terms for English

Command term	What to do	Common mistake
Identify	Name or pick out	Adding interpretation
Describe	Account of features/content	Adding analysis
Explain	Reasons; how/why	Only describing
Analyse	Break down; show how parts create meaning	Surface-level
Compare	Similarities and/or differences	Listing separately
Contrast	Differences	Similarities
Discuss	Range of arguments; balanced view	One-sided
Evaluate	Strengths and limitations; judgement	Description only
Examine	Unpack assumptions; interrelationships	Surface-level
Interpret	Draw meaning from text	Stating plot only
Justify	Support with evidence from text	Unsupported claim
Outline	Brief account	Too much detail
Suggest	Propose reading; support with evidence	Random interpretation
To what extent	Judge degree of validity	Yes/no only

Tips for English exams

1. Analyse—quote + effect + link to meaning
2. Discuss—multiple perspectives; conclusion with evidence
3. Evaluate—strengths and limitations of text/argument
4. Justify—always support with textual evidence
5. Compare—integrate (“Both X and Y…”); don’t list separately
6. Past papers—check mark schemes for assessment criteria

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Based on IB Diploma Programme Language A subject guides. Check the guide for component-specific criteria.