Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering IGCSE Biology: Complete Guide

🧬 Understanding Biotechnology in IGCSE Biology

Biotechnology uses living organisms for practical applications. This guide covers genetic engineering, DNA technology, and modern applications.

🧠 Memory Tips

Genetic Engineering Steps: “Cut Insert Join Select”

• Cut: Restriction enzymes cut DNA
• Insert: Gene inserted into vector
• Join: DNA ligase joins pieces
• Select: Identify successful modifications

Applications: “Medicine Agriculture Industry Environment”

• Medicine: Insulin, vaccines
• Agriculture: GM crops
• Industry: Enzymes, materials
• Environment: Bioremediation

📚 Key Concepts

What is Biotechnology?

• Definition: Use of living organisms for human benefit
• Traditional: Fermentation, selective breeding
• Modern: Genetic engineering, cloning
• Applications: Medicine, agriculture, industry

Genetic Engineering

• Process: Modify organism’s DNA
• Tools: Restriction enzymes, ligases, vectors
• Products: Recombinant proteins
• Examples: Human insulin, growth hormone

DNA Technology

• Recombinant DNA: Combine DNA from different sources
• Vectors: Carry genes into cells
• Transformation: Cells take up foreign DNA
• Expression: Foreign genes produce proteins

Applications

• Medical: Insulin, vaccines, gene therapy
• Agricultural: Herbicide resistance, improved nutrition
• Industrial: Enzymes, biofuels
• Environmental: Pollution cleanup

🎯 Exam Focus

Common Questions:

1. Describe genetic engineering process (6 marks)
2. Explain biotechnology applications (5 marks)
3. Discuss benefits and risks (4 marks)
4. Compare traditional and modern methods (4 marks)

Key Examples:

• Human insulin production
• Golden rice (Vitamin A)
• Bt corn (insect resistance)
• Gene therapy trials

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