Organic Chemistry

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Naming four compounds from their displayed formulae
• 2Naming the products of organic reactions
• 3Position numbers in butenes and their addition products
• 4Naming alcohols: where is the –OH group?
• 5Matching names to structural formulae (multiple choice)
• 6Structural, molecular and empirical formulae
• 7Naming esters and the acids and alcohols they come from
• 8Naming an ester from its displayed formula
• 9Naming the monochloro products of butane
• 10Names and formulae of salts of carboxylic acids
• 11Deducing names from molecular formulae and reactions
• 12A reaction scheme from ethene: name every compound

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Which compounds are hydrocarbons?
• 2Fractionating column: naming fractions and their uses
• 3Matching fractions to uses (multiple choice)
• 4Trends in the fractions: using boiling-range data
• 5Balancing complete combustion equations
• 6Incomplete combustion of heptane: carbon monoxide and particulates
• 7Burning butane: mass of carbon dioxide and volume of oxygen
• 8Car exhaust and the catalytic converter (multiple choice)
• 9Comparing two fuels with spirit burners
• 10Boiling points of alkanes: estimate from a graph
• 11Which fuel is best? Energy and carbon dioxide from data
• 12Fractional distillation in the laboratory

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Hydrocarbons, unsaturation and the aqueous bromine test
• 2Homologous series and functional groups
• 3Using the four general formulae
• 4Characteristics of a homologous series from boiling-point data
• 5Completing a table of structural, molecular and empirical formulae
• 6Which formula is a structural formula? (multiple choice)
• 7An alcohol, its formulae and its positional isomer
• 8Spotting structural isomers among displayed formulae
• 9Molecular and empirical formulae of an unsaturated acid
• 10Isomers of an ester: other esters and an acid
• 11Identifying an alcohol and an acid with the same Mr
• 12Comparing a branched alkane with an alkene (multiple choice)

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Recognising alkanes and counting their bonds
• 2Butane and chlorine: type, condition and by-product (multiple choice)
• 3Monosubstitution of butane: products, equation and conditions
• 4Boiling points of alkanes from a graph
• 5Complete and incomplete combustion of hexane
• 6Reacting volumes when butane burns
• 7Recognising substitution among organic reactions
• 8Chlorinating methane in gas jars
• 9Identifying an alkane gas from its density
• 10How many monochloro products? (multiple choice)
• 11Bond energies and the pathway diagram for chlorinating methane
• 12Percentage yield of chloroethane

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Telling a saturated from an unsaturated hydrocarbon
• 2Why petroleum fractions are cracked
• 3Cracking paraffin in the laboratory
• 4Products of cracking (multiple choice)
• 5Which addition reactions need a catalyst? (multiple choice)
• 6Addition reactions of but-2-ene
• 7Burning an alkene
• 8Hydrogen and bromine needed to saturate an alkene
• 9Identifying a gaseous alkene and its addition products
• 10How many C=C bonds? Using bromine data
• 11Hydrogenation: bond energies and the effect of nickel
• 12Identifying an alkene from its addition products

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Fermenting glucose with a gas syringe
• 2Burning ethanol and its uses
• 3Following fermentation with a gas-volume graph
• 4Comparing the two ways of making ethanol (multiple choice)
• 5Hydration of ethene: conditions and equilibrium
• 6Choosing a method to make ethanol
• 7Masses and volumes when ethanol burns
• 8Naming propanol and butanol isomers
• 9Bonds, lone pairs and electrons in propan-1-ol
• 10Comparing alcohols as fuels with a spirit burner
• 11Oxidising butan-1-ol: conditions, colour change and yield
• 12Tonnes of ethanol from ethene and from glucose

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) extended-response style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) extended-response style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1General formula, names and formulae of carboxylic acids
• 2Test-tube reactions of ethanoic acid and the salts formed
• 3Multiple choice: which reactions of ethanoic acid produce water?
• 4Oxidising an alcohol to a carboxylic acid
• 5Wine turning to vinegar: equation, yield and concentration
• 6Making an ester: word equation and displayed formula
• 7Naming an ester and the compounds that make it
• 8Multiple choice: name and formulae of the ester from propanoic acid
• 9Esterification: reversible reaction and percentage yield
• 10Ethanoic acid and a carbonate: gas volume and rate
• 11Deducing the number of acid groups from a reacting ratio
• 12Isomers of an ester: other esters and an acid with the same formula

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style

Worked examples (12)extended set

• 1Multiple choice: why plastics are hard to dispose of
• 2Plastic waste data: masses and environmental challenges
• 3Choosing a monomer and drawing poly(propene)
• 4Repeat units from substituted alkenes
• 5Deducing the monomer from a polymer chain
• 6Multiple choice: types of polymerisation and linkages
• 7Deducing the repeat unit of a polyester
• 8From a polyamide chain to its monomers
• 9Multiple choice: monomers that make a polyamide
• 10Proteins: amino acid monomers in a protein chain
• 11Relative formula mass of addition and condensation polymers
• 12Classifying three polymers and comparing the two types of polymerisation

Model answers (6)

• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 short-answer style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style
• ✓Model answer — Paper 4 (Extended) structured style