Study Notes
Cell structure and organisation involve understanding how cells divide, grow, and differentiate, as well as how they coordinate and respond to stimuli.
- Mitosis — a process of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. Example: Used for growth and repair in organisms.
- Stem Cells — unspecialised cells capable of becoming different cell types. Example: Embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell type.
- Central Nervous System (CNS) — consists of the brain and spinal cord, controlling body functions. Example: The brain processes information and coordinates responses.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) — connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Example: Sensory neurons in the PNS detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS.
- Reflex Arc — an automatic response pathway that bypasses the brain for quick reactions. Example: Pulling your hand away from a hot object without thinking.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Mitosis: Cell division process resulting in identical cells
- Stem Cells: Unspecialised cells that can differentiate into various cell types
- Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord controlling body functions
- Peripheral Nervous System: Connects CNS to the body
Common Confusions
- Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Mitosis creates identical cells, meiosis creates gametes
- CNS vs. PNS: CNS is the brain and spinal cord, PNS is the rest of the nervous system
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the first stage of mitosis? Answer: Prophase
- What is the term for when a cell divides? Answer: Cytokinesis
- Which neuron type detects a stimulus? Answer: Sensory neuron
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the stages of mitosis
- Differences between stem cell types
- Functions of the CNS and PNS
- The process and importance of reflex actions