Study Notes
Milgram's study on obedience explored how far individuals would comply with authority figures, even when it conflicted with their personal morals. The study revealed that situational factors, such as the presence of an authority figure, significantly influence obedience, suggesting that ordinary people can commit harmful acts under authoritative pressure.
- Obedience to Authority — compliance with orders from an authority figure, even against personal conscience. Example: Participants administered shocks to a learner when instructed by an experimenter.
- Situational Factors — external influences that affect behavior, such as authority presence. Example: The prestigious setting of Yale University increased obedience.
- Agentic State — a psychological state where individuals see themselves as agents executing orders. Example: Participants felt compelled to follow the experimenter's instructions despite moral conflict.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Obedience to Authority
- Situational Factors
- Agentic State
Common Confusions
- Confusing situational factors with personality traits as reasons for obedience
- Believing all participants were aware of the true nature of the study
Typical Exam Questions
- What was the primary aim of Milgram's study? To investigate obedience to authority even when it conflicts with personal morals.
- How did Milgram ensure the study's reliability? By using a standardised procedure with consistent instructions and prods.
- What ethical issues were raised by Milgram's study? Deception, lack of informed consent, and psychological distress.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the study's methodology and findings
- Ability to evaluate the ethical considerations
- Application of the study's conclusions to real-world scenarios