Summary
The Antarctic ecosystem is extremely fragile, with threats from climate change, human activity, and potential mineral extraction. Sustainable management and international cooperation are crucial to protect this unique environment.
- Climate Change — Rising temperatures cause ice melt, habitat loss, and disrupt the food web. Example: Antarctic Peninsula warming by nearly 3°C in 50 years.
- Human Activity — Overfishing, tourism, and research stations impact the ecosystem. Example: 300,000 tonnes of krill harvested annually.
- Mineral Extraction — Potential future threat despite current bans. Example: The Madrid Protocol bans mining but can be reviewed after 2048.
- Sustainable Management — Using resources without compromising future needs. Example: International treaties like the Antarctic Treaty System.
- Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) — Governs Antarctica with a focus on peace and environmental protection. Example: No military activity or nuclear testing allowed.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
- Madrid Protocol
- Sustainable Management
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Albedo Effect
- Krill
- Phytoplankton
- Ecosystem
Common Confusions
- Confusing the roles of krill and phytoplankton in the food web
- Misunderstanding the difference between preservation and conservation
Typical Exam Questions
- Explain how climate change threatens the Antarctic ecosystem? Rising temperatures cause ice melt, habitat loss, and disrupt the food web.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the Antarctic Treaty System? It maintains peace and promotes scientific cooperation but faces enforcement challenges.
- Describe the Antarctic food web and explain why it is fragile? It relies heavily on krill; if krill populations decline, the entire ecosystem collapses.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the Antarctic food web and its fragility
- Knowledge of international agreements like the ATS and Madrid Protocol
- Ability to evaluate management strategies and their effectiveness