Summary
Antarctica is a fragile ecosystem where climate change, fishing, resource exploitation, and tourism pose significant threats. Sustainable management through international treaties aims to protect its unique environment.
- Antarctic Krill — small crustaceans forming the foundation of the Antarctic food web.
Example: Krill feed on phytoplankton and are eaten by whales, seals, and penguins. - Albedo Effect — the reflection of sunlight by ice and snow surfaces.
Example: Ice reflects up to 90% of sunlight, helping to keep the region cool. - Antarctic Treaty — an international agreement to preserve Antarctica for peaceful purposes.
Example: It bans military activity and nuclear testing. - Madrid Protocol — an extension of the Antarctic Treaty focusing on environmental protection.
Example: It bans mining and requires environmental impact assessments.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Albedo Effect
- Keystone Species
- Food Web
- Cascade Effect
- Positive Feedback Loop
- Invasive Species
- Resource Exploitation
- Environmental Impact Assessment
Common Confusions
- Confusing the roles of krill and phytoplankton in the food web
- Misunderstanding the difference between the Antarctic Treaty and the Madrid Protocol
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the Albedo Effect?
The reflection of sunlight by ice and snow surfaces, which keeps regions cool. - Why are krill called a keystone species?
They are essential to the Antarctic food web, supporting many species. - Compare the Antarctic Treaty and Madrid Protocol.
The Treaty focuses on peace and science, while the Protocol emphasizes environmental protection.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the Antarctic food web and its vulnerabilities
- The impact of climate change on Antarctic ecosystems
- The effectiveness of international agreements in protecting Antarctica