Summary
The topic of Diseases and Immunity covers how the body defends against pathogens and the roles of different immune responses.
- Antibody — a protein produced by lymphocytes to neutralize pathogens.
Example: Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria to mark them for destruction. - Antigen — a molecule on the surface of pathogens that triggers an immune response.
Example: The immune system recognizes antigens on viruses to initiate defense. - Active Immunity — immunity gained when the body produces its own antibodies.
Example: Vaccination leads to active immunity by stimulating antibody production. - Passive Immunity — short-term immunity from receiving ready-made antibodies.
Example: Newborns receive passive immunity through antibodies in breast milk. - Pathogen — a microorganism that causes disease.
Example: Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that causes cholera. - Phagocyte — a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens.
Example: Phagocytes consume bacteria to prevent infections.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Antibody
- Antigen
- Active Immunity
- Passive Immunity
- Pathogen
- Phagocyte
Common Confusions
- Mixing up active and passive immunity
- Confusing antigens with antibodies
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
Antibodies bind to antigens to neutralize pathogens. - How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?
Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving ready-made antibodies. - What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of how antibodies and antigens interact
- Differences between active and passive immunity
- Examples of diseases caused by specific pathogens
