Summary
The League of Nations struggled to maintain peace due to structural flaws, lack of key members, and ineffective enforcement mechanisms. It aimed for collective security but was hindered by the absence of the USA, the unanimity rule, and national interests overriding collective goals.
- Membership Weaknesses — The absence of key powers like the USA and the ability of aggressor nations to withdraw undermined the League's universality.
Example: The US never joined, and Germany and Japan withdrew when criticized. - No Military Force — The League had no standing army, relying on voluntary contributions from member states, which were rarely offered.
Example: No military action was taken against Italy during the Abyssinian Crisis. - Unanimity Rule — Required unanimous decisions, leading to paralysis and inaction during crises.
Example: Japan vetoed action against itself during the Manchurian Crisis.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Collective Security
- Unanimity Rule
- Economic Sanctions
Common Confusions
- Believing the League had its own military force
- Assuming all major powers were members from the start
Typical Exam Questions
- Why did the League of Nations fail to prevent aggression in the 1930s?
Lack of enforcement power and key member support. - How did the absence of the USA affect the League?
It weakened financial and moral authority. - What was the impact of the unanimity rule on the League's effectiveness?
It led to inaction and delayed responses.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the League's structural weaknesses
- Examples of the League's failures in specific crises
- The impact of national interests on the League's decisions