Topic 1
- Heat hydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate in water bath to specific temperature.
- Mix them and titrate some quantity of the mixture with sodium hydroxide.
- Repeat the titration after every 10min for the same mixture in the water bath.
- Do remember to quench the reaction mixture on ice cold water as soon as it is out from the water bath.
POINTS FOR CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
- This experiment can be performed at different temperatures to study the rate of reaction.
- Rate of reaction is the volume used for tutration at specific time.
- It can further be used to calculate Activation energy using Arrhenius equation and plotting graph.
Topic 2
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Soap/Detergents are made from the reaction between the oil and sodium or potassium hydroxide. The amount of alkali which is required depends on the saturation hydroxide. The excess alkali present is considered as free alkali content of the soap.
- The excess Alkali in soap causes itching and skin irritation.
- Detergents which high pH when disposed harm the environment.
- They are corrosive and damage the material.
PROCEDURAL OUTLINE
Soaps can be prepared from oils with different degree of saturation. The prepared soap is them tested for free alkali content.
Dissolve certain amount of soap sample in hot water and make is acidic by adding nitric or hydrocholric acid, Hear cool and remove solid fatty acid with the help of chloroform. Titrate the free alkali with Sodium hydroxide.
ANALYSIS
- Correlate the free alkali content with the degree of saturation of oil.
- The fatty acid present in the soap can also be determined and the free alkali content and amount of fatty acid can be coeeelated to determine the quality of soap.
Topic 3
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Luminol is an important compound in chemiluminescence. This compound when reacts with an oxidizing agent, replaces the nitrogen and hydrogen with oxygen. The energy produced by this takes the electron to high excited state and when it drops back the energy is released in the form of light.
The above chemical reaction can be used:
- In Forensic lab for detecting the blood sample.
- The light produced can be used as emergency light at the time of disaster.
PROCEDURAL OUTLINE
Certain amount of luminol is made to react with hydrogen peroxide ( commonly found in bleach). This reaction can be done with or without the catalyst. The most common catalyst in this reaction is iron.
The light produced can be studied with different factors keeping the concept of chemical kinetics in mind.
ANALYSIS
The experimental data can be recorded either with the luminous intensity probe or recording the time in which light disappears.
The rate of reaction can be studies and if experiment is performed at different temperature activation energy can be calculated.
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