Changes in medicine, c1848–c1948

Worked examples (9)

• 1Explaining two differences — surgery in 1848 and in 1875
• 2Explaining two causes — the poor state of public health
• 3Significance — Florence Nightingale and the role of women in medicine
• 4Explaining two differences — nursing before and after Nightingale
• 5Explaining two causes — the Public Health Act of 1848
• 6Significance — Snow, Chadwick and public health provision
• 7Explaining two differences — understanding the cause of disease
• 8Explaining two causes — opposition to the use of chloroform
• 9How far were science and technology responsible — the second (c) stem

Model answers (9)

• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style, second stem form — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2

Worked examples (9)

• 1Explaining two differences — surgery in 1875 and in 1905
• 2Explaining two causes — Koch's success in identifying organisms
• 3Significance — Koch and understanding the cause of illness
• 4Explaining two differences — public health in 1875 and 1905
• 5Explaining two causes — the move to aseptic surgery
• 6How far were science and technology responsible — the second (c) stem
• 7Explaining two differences — understanding disease in 1875 and 1905
• 8Explaining two causes — the fall in death rates, 1875–1905
• 9Significance — chemistry and changes in medical treatment

Model answers (9)

• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style, second stem form — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2

Worked examples (9)

• 1Explaining two differences — surgery before and after Lister
• 2Explaining two causes — the Public Health Act of 1875
• 3Significance — Pasteur and understanding the cause of illness
• 4Explaining two differences — the Acts of 1848 and 1875
• 5Explaining two causes — opposition to antiseptic surgery
• 6Significance — the Public Health Act of 1875
• 7Explaining two differences — nursing in 1860 and in 1875
• 8Explaining two causes — resistance to germ theory
• 9How far were individuals responsible — women in medicine

Model answers (9)

• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style, second stem form — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style, second stem form — B2

Worked examples (9)

• 1Explaining two differences — government and health in 1875 and 1911
• 2Explaining two causes — problems of treating soldiers (the June 2023 question)
• 3Significance — the First World War and changes in medicine
• 4Explaining two differences — women in medicine in 1914 and 1918
• 5Explaining two causes — the liberal social reforms
• 6Significance — the liberal reforms and public health provision
• 7Explaining two differences — blood transfusion in 1914 and 1918
• 8Explaining two causes — surgical advances in the war
• 9How far was government action responsible — the second (c) stem

Model answers (9)

• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style, second stem form — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2

Worked examples (9)

• 1Explaining two differences — medical treatment in 1920 and in 1948
• 2Explaining two causes — why penicillin was developed when it was
• 3The 16-mark judgement — science and technology, 1920–48 (the June 2023 question)
• 4Explaining two differences — public health provision in 1918 and in 1948
• 5Explaining two causes — why the NHS was opposed
• 6The 16-mark judgement — the significance of the NHS for public health
• 7Explaining two differences — women in medicine in the two world wars
• 8Explaining two causes — why surgery advanced in the Second World War
• 9The 16-mark judgement — how far individuals were responsible for penicillin

Model answers (9)

• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (a) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (b) style — B2
• ✓Model answer — 4HI1/02 Paper 2 Section B part (c) style — B2