Learning theories and development Practical Investigation

Worked examples (9)

• 1Identify the type of observation and justify each label (4 marks)
• 2Write the behavioural categories and the exclusion rule (4 marks)
• 3Write the hypotheses for a chi-squared test (4 marks)
• 4Justify the choice of chi-squared (4 marks)
• 5Explain the purpose of the exclusion rule (3 marks)
• 6Make the ethical case for covert observation (5 marks)
• 7Explain how one observation satisfies the specification (4 marks)
• 8Find the flaws in a proposed observation (5 marks)
• 9Design an observation for a different behaviour (6 marks)

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Worked examples (9)

• 1State the conditions for using chi-squared (3 marks)
• 2Calculate expected frequencies (3 marks)
• 3Calculate degrees of freedom (3 marks)
• 4Work a complete chi-squared calculation (5 marks)
• 5Decide significance using the right column (4 marks)
• 6Explain why chi-squared and Wilcoxon point opposite ways (3 marks)
• 7Find the errors in a chi-squared calculation (4 marks)
• 8Write a complete conclusion (5 marks)
• 9Distinguish significance from size (5 marks)

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Worked examples (9)

• 1Identify a design decision and justify it (3 marks)
• 2Justify the behavioural categories chosen (4 marks)
• 3Justify event sampling over time sampling (3 marks)
• 4Explain the controls used, with mechanisms (5 marks)
• 5Justify the stopping rule and state its cost (4 marks)
• 6Describe the pilot and what it changed (4 marks)
• 7Control observer bias and the observer effect (5 marks)
• 8Suggest improvements, each with its cost (6 marks)
• 9Justify the design as a whole (6 marks)

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Worked examples (9)

• 1Calculate percentages from a contingency table (3 marks)
• 2State which descriptive statistics are available (4 marks)
• 3Choose the graph and justify it (3 marks)
• 4Correct a badly drawn bar chart (4 marks)
• 5Describe what the contingency table shows (4 marks)
• 6Explain why the direction of the percentage matters (4 marks)
• 7Comment on the data without overstating it (5 marks)
• 8Interpret an unfamiliar contingency table (6 marks)
• 9Write the results section (6 marks)

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Worked examples (9)

• 1Describe the six stages of a thematic analysis (4 marks)
• 2Attach initial codes to field-note extracts (4 marks)
• 3Distinguish a theme from a topic (3 marks)
• 4Group codes into a theme and name it (4 marks)
• 5Distinguish thematic analysis from content analysis (4 marks)
• 6Explain why themes are reported with extracts (4 marks)
• 7Evaluate the reliability of your thematic analysis (5 marks)
• 8Relate the themes to the quantitative finding (6 marks)
• 9Assess what the thematic analysis added (6 marks)

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Worked examples (9)

• 1Give one strength of the study, with a reason (3 marks)
• 2Explain why no causal conclusion is available (4 marks)
• 3Separate design weaknesses from measurement weaknesses (4 marks)
• 4Evaluate the reliability of the observation (4 marks)
• 5Assess the ecological validity of the observation (4 marks)
• 6Say which way each limitation pushes the result (5 marks)
• 7Suggest improvements, each with what it repairs and what it costs (5 marks)
• 8Reject a proposed improvement and give a better one (4 marks)
• 9Reach a ranked judgement about the limitations (6 marks)

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