Chemical Bonding

Worked examples (6)

• 1Identifying the most electronegative element (2 marks)
• 2Ordering atoms by electronegativity (2 marks)
• 3Predicting bond type from Pauling values (3 marks)
• 4Assigning bond polarity (3 marks)
• 5Explaining the down-group trend (3 marks)
• 6Polar bonds but a non-polar molecule (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1Describing ion formation in NaCl (2 marks)
• 2Deducing ions and formulae (2 marks)
• 3Ion formation and ratio in CaF₂ (3 marks)
• 4Conductivity of an ionic compound (3 marks)
• 5Comparing ionic melting points (4 marks)
• 6Ranking ionic melting points (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1Explaining electrical conductivity (2 marks)
• 2Why metals are malleable (2 marks)
• 3Period 3 metal melting points (3 marks)
• 4Thermal conductivity of metals (3 marks)
• 5Applying metallic bonding to a real metal (4 marks)
• 6Comparing two metals (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1σ and π bonds in diatomics (2 marks)
• 2Bonding and lone pairs (2 marks)
• 3Counting σ and π bonds in HCN (3 marks)
• 4Explaining the dative bond in NH₄⁺ (3 marks)
• 5Hybridisation across ethane, ethene, ethyne (4 marks)
• 6Bond order, length, energy and reactivity (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1Shape and angle of CH₄ (2 marks)
• 2Shape and angle of CO₂ (2 marks)
• 3Shape and angle of NH₃ (3 marks)
• 4Predicting shapes of ions (3 marks)
• 5Comparing bond angles, H₂O vs NH₃ (3 marks)
• 6Expanded octets: PCl₅ and SF₆ (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1Which molecules can hydrogen bond? (2 marks)
• 2Identifying the dominant force (3 marks)
• 3Boiling-point trend in Group 17 (3 marks)
• 4Hydrogen bonding vs id–id at similar Mr (3 marks)
• 5Why ice is less dense than water (3 marks)
• 6The anomalous boiling point of water (4 marks)

Worked examples (6)

• 1Dot-and-cross for H₂O (2 marks)
• 2Ionic dot-and-cross for NaCl (3 marks)
• 3Dot-and-cross for CO₂ (3 marks)
• 4Ionic dot-and-cross for MgCl₂ (3 marks)
• 5Dative bond in NH₄⁺ (3 marks)
• 6Expanded octet: SF₆ (3 marks)