🧬 IGCSE Biology Formula Sheet 2026

Complete Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) 2026 Syllabus Formula Reference Guide

Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Free Download

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Aligned with the latest 2026 syllabus and board specifications. This sheet is prepared to match your exam board’s official specifications for the 2026 exam series.

Essential IGCSE Biology Formulas & Equations

Master your IGCSE Biology exams with our comprehensive formula sheet covering all essential formulas and equations for Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) 2026 syllabus. This reference guide includes photosynthesis, respiration, circulation, genetics, ecology, and more.

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Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology (0610)

Formula & Equation Sheet - 2026 Syllabus

🌱 1. Photosynthesis

Word equation:
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Requires light and chlorophyll
Balanced symbol equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Light and chlorophyll above arrow
Limiting factors:
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature
Affect rate of photosynthesis

🫁 2. Respiration

Aerobic respiration:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Energy released as ATP
Anaerobic respiration (animals):
glucose → lactic acid (+ ↓ energy)
In muscle cells

🔥 3. Energy Content in Food (Calorimetry)

Energy released:
E = m × c × ΔT
E = energy (J), m = mass of water (g), c = 4.2 J/g°C
Energy per gram of food:
E / mass of food burned (g)
J/g - Used in food energy experiments

🌊 4. Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport

Rate of diffusion:
Rate ∝ (surface area × concentration difference) / diffusion distance
Applies to gases and solutes
Osmosis:
Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane
From high to low water potential
Active transport:
Movement against concentration gradient
Requires energy (ATP)

❤️ 5. Circulation

Cardiac output:
Cardiac output = Stroke volume × Heart rate
cm³/min or L/min
Pulse rate:
number of beats / time
bpm (beats per minute)

🫁 6. Breathing and Gas Exchange

Breathing rate:
number of breaths / time
breaths/min
Minute ventilation:
Tidal volume × Breathing rate
cm³/min

🍽️ 7. Human Nutrition

BMI (Body Mass Index):
BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m))²
Used to assess obesity
Energy per gram (food test):
m × 4.2 × ΔT / mass of food
Alternative calorimetry formula

⚗️ 8. Enzymes

Rate of enzyme reaction:
Rate = 1 / time taken
e.g., time for starch to disappear
Optimum conditions:
pH and temperature
Enzyme activity affected by denaturation

🧬 9. Genetics

Genotype:
Genetic constitution
e.g. Bb
Phenotype:
Observable characteristics
e.g. brown eyes
Genetic ratio:
number with one phenotype / number with another
Derived from Punnett square
Probability of inheritance:
no. of desired outcomes / total outcomes
Used in genetic crosses

🌿 10. Ecology

Population density:
Population density = number of organisms / area (m²)
organisms/m²
Percentage cover:
(area covered by species / total area) × 100
%
Energy transfer efficiency:
(energy at higher trophic level / energy at lower trophic level) × 100%
%
Mean per quadrat:
total individuals / number of quadrats
individuals/quadrat

🧠 11. Nervous System

Reaction time:
Reaction time = distance fallen / acceleration due to gravity
In ruler drop tests, indirectly measured
Reflex arc:
stimulus → receptor → sensory neuron → relay neuron → motor neuron → effector
Not numerical but process flow

🔄 12. Excretion & Homeostasis

Water balance:
water gain = water loss
Maintained by kidneys
Body temperature regulation:
via negative feedback
Qualitative understanding

📊 13. Summary of Key Units & Constants

Specific heat capacity of water:
c = 4.2 J/g°C
Used in calorimetry calculations
Average human body temperature:
37°C
Normal body temperature
Normal atmospheric pressure:
1.01 × 10⁵ Pa
Standard atmospheric pressure
Volume conversion:
1 dm³ = 1000 cm³
Useful for volume calculations
Energy transfer efficiency:
%
Percentage units

📚 How to Use This Biology Formula Sheet

🧬

Understand the Concepts

Don't just memorize formulas - understand the biological processes behind each equation to apply them correctly in different contexts.

🧪

Practice Calculations

Work through practice problems involving calorimetry, population density, and energy transfer to build confidence with these formulas.

📝

Know Your Units

Pay attention to units in calculations. Converting between cm³, dm³, and other units is crucial for accurate answers.

🔬

Apply to Experiments

Connect these formulas to practical experiments you've done or will do, such as food tests, enzyme investigations, and ecological surveys.

Formula sheet FAQ

Quick answers about this free PDF, how to use it for exam revision, and how it relates to your official syllabus.

Is the IGCSE Biology Formula Sheet 2026 free to download as a PDF?

Yes. This Tutopiya formula sheet is free to use and you can download it as a PDF from this page for offline revision. There is no payment or account required for the PDF download.

What Biology topics and equations does this formula sheet cover?

This page groups key Biology formulas in one place for revision. Complete IGCSE Biology formula sheet 2026. Essential formulas for Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) - photosynthesis, respiration, circulation, genetics, ecology, and more. Free downloadable reference guide. Always cross-check with your official syllabus and past papers for your exam session.

Can I use this instead of the official exam formula booklet in the exam?

No. In the exam you must follow only what your exam board allows in the hall—usually the official formula booklet or data sheet where provided. This page is a revision and teaching aid, not a replacement for board-issued materials.

Who is this formula sheet for (Secondary)?

It is written for students preparing for assessments at Secondary in Biology, including classroom revision, homework support, and independent study. Teachers and tutors can also share it as a quick reference.

How should I revise with this formula sheet?

Work through past paper questions, quote the correct formula before substituting values, and check units and notation every time. Pair this sheet with timed practice and mark schemes so you see how examiners expect working to be set out.

Where can I get more help with Biology revision?

Explore Tutopiya’s study tools, past paper finder, and revision checklists linked from our tools hub, or book a trial lesson with a subject specialist for personalised support alongside this formula reference.

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