Study Notes
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents to produce genetically diverse offspring. Spermatogenesis — the process of sperm cell development. Example: Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Oogenesis — the process of egg cell development. Example: Occurs in the ovaries. Internal Fertilisation — fusion of gametes inside the body. Example: Common in terrestrial animals. External Fertilisation — fusion of gametes outside the body. Example: Common in aquatic animals. Fertilisation — the union of sperm and egg to form a zygote. Example: Involves mechanisms to prevent polyspermy. Blastocyst — a structure formed in early development. Example: Implants in the endometrium. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) — a hormone secreted after implantation. Example: Maintains the corpus luteum. Chorionic villi — structures that facilitate material exchange between mother and fetus. Example: Increase surface area for exchange. Oxytocin — a hormone involved in childbirth. Example: Stimulates uterine contractions.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Spermatogenesis
- Oogenesis
- Internal Fertilisation
- External Fertilisation
- Blastocyst
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Common Confusions
- Difference between internal and external fertilisation
- Role of hCG versus oxytocin
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the role of the zona pellucida in fertilisation? It prevents polyspermy by hardening after the first sperm enters.
- How does the placenta facilitate material exchange? Through chorionic villi that increase surface area for diffusion.
- What triggers the release of oxytocin during childbirth? The stretching of the uterine walls by the fully grown baby.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of gametogenesis processes
- Differences between internal and external fertilisation
- Hormonal changes during pregnancy and childbirth