Summary
Immunity involves the body's defense mechanisms against pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses. The immune system uses barriers, cells, and proteins to prevent and fight infections.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms — organisms that cause disease. Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis.
- Antigens — unique markers on cells that trigger immune responses. Example: Viral surface proteins.
- Phagocytes — white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens. Example: Neutrophils and macrophages.
- Antibodies — proteins that recognize and neutralize antigens. Example: Immunoglobulins.
- Nosocomial Infections — infections acquired in healthcare settings. Example: Hospital-acquired infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Pathogenic Microorganisms
- Antigens
- Phagocytes
- Antibodies
- Nosocomial Infections
Common Confusions
- Difference between self and non-self antigens
- How antibiotics work only on bacteria, not viruses
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the role of phagocytes in the immune response? Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.
- How do antibodies help in immunity? Antibodies bind to antigens to neutralize them.
- What are nosocomial infections? Infections acquired in healthcare settings.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of immune system components
- Differences between primary and secondary immune responses
- Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance