Study Notes
Cloning involves creating genetically identical copies of organisms and can be applied to both plants and animals.
- Micropropagation — a method of cloning plants using tissue culture techniques. Example: Growing plantlets from explants in a sterile environment.
- Embryo cloning — cloning animals by splitting an embryo into multiple genetically identical embryos. Example: Producing multiple identical calves from a single embryo.
- Adult cell cloning — creating a clone by transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an egg cell. Example: Dolly the sheep was cloned using this method.
- Pharming — using transgenic animals to produce human proteins in their milk. Example: Producing antibodies for cancer treatment in the milk of cloned animals.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Micropropagation
- Embryo cloning
- Adult cell cloning
- Pharming
Common Confusions
- Confusing micropropagation with traditional plant breeding
- Assuming all cloning methods are the same
Typical Exam Questions
- What is micropropagation? A method of cloning plants using tissue culture.
- How is adult cell cloning performed? By transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an egg cell.
- What are the advantages of cloning plants? Producing disease-free plants quickly and cheaply.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of different cloning techniques
- Advantages and disadvantages of cloning
- Applications of cloning in agriculture and medicine