Study Notes
The Piliavin et al. 'Subway Samaritans' study examined bystander intervention in a real-world setting, focusing on factors influencing helping behavior during emergencies. This field experiment challenged previous lab-based findings on the 'bystander effect'.
- Bystander Apathy — when people present at an event do not help others in need. Example: People are less likely to help in a group than when alone.
- Diffusion of Responsibility — the more bystanders present, the less responsibility each person feels. Example: In a crowded subway, individuals may feel less compelled to assist a victim.
- Field Experiment — research conducted in a natural setting with manipulated variables. Example: The study was conducted on New York subway trains with real passengers.
- Independent Measures Design — different participants are used in each condition of the experiment. Example: Different subway passengers observed in each trial.
- Opportunity Sampling — selecting participants who are readily available. Example: Passengers on the subway during the trials.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Bystander Apathy
- Diffusion of Responsibility
- Field Experiment
- Independent Measures Design
- Opportunity Sampling
Common Confusions
- Confusing bystander apathy with diffusion of responsibility
- Assuming all field experiments lack control
Typical Exam Questions
- What is bystander apathy? Bystander apathy is when people present at an event do not help others in need.
- How does diffusion of responsibility affect helping behavior? It decreases the likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increases.
- What was the main finding of the Piliavin et al. study? Help was offered frequently and quickly, challenging the diffusion of responsibility.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of key terms like bystander apathy and diffusion of responsibility
- Ability to explain the methodology and findings of the study
- Application of the study's findings to real-life situations