Study Notes
Research methods are systematic procedures used by psychologists to collect, analyze, and interpret data about human behavior and mental processes. They are essential for testing theories and drawing evidence-based conclusions.
- Experiments — manipulating variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships in controlled conditions Example: Testing memory recall in a lab with different conditions.
- Self-Reports — gathering data through questionnaires and interviews where participants describe their own experiences Example: Surveys about personal stress levels.
- Observations — systematically watching and recording behavior as it occurs naturally or in structured settings Example: Observing helping behavior in a playground.
- Correlations — examining relationships between variables without manipulating them directly Example: Studying the relationship between social media use and anxiety.
- Case Studies — in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event over time Example: The case of HM and memory research.
- Longitudinal Studies — following the same participants over extended periods to track changes and development Example: Tracking cognitive development in children over several years.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Independent Variable (IV)
- Dependent Variable (DV)
- Control Group
- Random Allocation
- Correlation Coefficient
Common Confusions
- Confusing IV and DV in experiments
- Assuming correlation implies causation
Typical Exam Questions
- What is an independent variable? The variable manipulated by the researcher.
- How do you control for order effects in repeated measures? Use counterbalancing.
- What is a case study? An in-depth investigation of a single case.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Ability to describe and evaluate research methods
- Application of methods to novel scenarios
- Understanding of ethical considerations in research