Summary
Functionalism is a historical interpretation that suggests the Holocaust evolved through a process of escalation driven by wartime circumstances, bureaucratic competition, and practical problem-solving rather than following a pre-determined plan.
- Functionalism — argues that the Holocaust was not systematically planned but evolved due to changing situations. Example: The invasion of the Soviet Union created conditions that led to radicalisation.
- Contingency — refers to circumstances that were not inevitable or planned in advance. Example: The onset and expansion of the Second World War influenced the Holocaust's development.
- Cumulative Radicalisation — describes how genocide emerged from the decisions of many actors over time. Example: Regional commanders made autonomous decisions that escalated Nazi policies.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Functionalism
- Contingency
- Cumulative Radicalisation
Common Confusions
- Confusing Functionalism with a lack of any planning
- Misunderstanding the role of war as merely a backdrop rather than a decisive factor
Typical Exam Questions
- How did Functionalism interpret the evolution of the Holocaust? Functionalism suggests the Holocaust evolved through escalation driven by wartime circumstances.
- What role did the Second World War play in Functionalist interpretations? The war created conditions that led to the radicalisation of Nazi policies.
- How do Functionalists view the role of Hitler in the Holocaust? Functionalists often describe Hitler as a 'weak dictator' with limited direct involvement.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of how Functionalism explains the timing and escalation of the Holocaust
- Ability to identify key features of Functionalist interpretations, such as the absence of a master plan
- Knowledge of how Functionalism contrasts with Structuralism