The Emergence of the United States as a Global Power (1890–1918)

Between 1890 and 1918, the United States transitioned from a continental nation to a global power through imperialism, war, and diplomacy.

Closing of the Frontier (1890) — The US Census Bureau declared the American frontier closed, prompting a shift to overseas expansion. Example: Encouraged looking overseas for new opportunities.
Alfred Thayer Mahan — A US Navy officer whose writings emphasized naval supremacy as essential for national greatness. Example: His work 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History' shaped US naval strategy.
The Spanish-American War (1898) — A conflict that marked the US emergence as an imperial power with overseas territories. Example: Resulted in US control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
The Panama Canal — A strategic waterway that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enhancing US military and economic power. Example: Reduced shipping costs and time, boosting trade.
Dollar Diplomacy — President Taft's policy of using economic power to extend US influence abroad. Example: Increased US investment in Latin America and Asia.
US Entry into WWI (1917) — Driven by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram, leading to US intervention in the war. Example: US troops and resources helped secure an Allied victory.

Key Definitions to Remember

Common Confusions

Confusing the causes of the Spanish-American War with those of the Philippine-American War
Misunderstanding the role of the Panama Canal in US military strategy

Typical Exam Questions

What was the significance of the closing of the frontier? It marked the end of continental expansion and a shift to global influence.
How did Alfred Thayer Mahan influence US foreign policy? He advocated for naval supremacy as essential for national greatness.
Why did the US enter World War I? Due to unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.

What Examiners Usually Test

Resources