Summary
The period from 1870 to 1918 was marked by significant events that shaped international relations and the emergence of world powers. Key events include the Meiji Restoration, the Scramble for Africa, and the opening of the Panama Canal.
- Meiji Restoration — Japan modernises and strengthens its military and economy. Example: In 1868, Japan began a period of rapid industrialisation and westernisation.
- Scramble for Africa — European powers competed for African territories. Example: In the 1870s, European nations rapidly partitioned Africa.
- Berlin Conference — Formalised colonial boundaries in Africa. Example: Held in 1884–85, it regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa.
- Sino-Japanese War — Japan defeats Qing China, expanding its influence. Example: The war occurred in 1894–95, marking Japan's rise as a world power.
- Battle of Adowa — Ethiopia successfully repels Italian invasion. Example: On 1 March 1896, Ethiopia maintained its independence.
- Fashoda Crisis — Heightened tensions between Britain and France. Example: In 1898, the crisis nearly led to war over Sudan.
- Spanish-American War — USA gains territories in the Pacific and Caribbean. Example: In 1898, the USA emerged as a colonial power.
- Roosevelt Corollary — USA asserts dominance in the Western Hemisphere. Example: In 1904, it expanded the Monroe Doctrine.
- Russo-Japanese War — Japan defeats Russia, asserting its power. Example: The war in 1904–05 demonstrated Japan's military strength.
- First Moroccan Crisis — Germany challenges France's influence in Morocco. Example: In 1905, it tested the Entente Cordiale.
- Maji-Maji Rebellion — Resistance against German colonial rule in East Africa. Example: From 1905–07, it was a significant uprising.
- Annexation of Korea — Japan expands its empire. Example: On 22 Aug 1910, Korea became part of Japan.
- Agadir Crisis — Germany and France clash over Morocco. Example: In 1911, it further strained European relations.
- Panama Canal opens — USA enhances its maritime power. Example: On 15 Aug 1914, the canal opened, facilitating global trade.
- USA enters First World War — USA's intervention is decisive in the conflict. Example: On 6 Feb 1917, the USA joined the war, impacting its outcome.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Meiji Restoration
- Scramble for Africa
- Berlin Conference
- Roosevelt Corollary
Common Confusions
- Confusing the causes of the First and Second Moroccan Crises
- Misunderstanding the outcomes of the Russo-Japanese War
Typical Exam Questions
- What was the significance of the Meiji Restoration? It marked Japan's transformation into a modern state.
- How did the Berlin Conference affect Africa? It formalised the partitioning of Africa among European powers.
- Why was the Panama Canal important? It strengthened the USA's maritime power and global trade routes.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the causes and effects of imperialism
- Ability to explain the significance of key events in shaping world powers