Study Notes
Human population change involves shifts in population size, structure, and distribution, impacting economies and public services. Ageing populations and declining birth rates create significant demographic challenges.
- Ageing Population — A demographic structure where the median age increases due to rising life expectancy and falling birth rates. Example: Many developed countries are experiencing ageing populations, leading to increased pension and healthcare costs.
- Birth Rate — The number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Example: A declining birth rate can lead to a smaller future workforce.
- Dependency Ratio — The ratio of non-working-age population (under 16 and over 64) to working-age population (16–64). Example: A high dependency ratio indicates more people relying on the working-age population for support.
- Pension — Regular payment made to retired individuals, typically funded by government or employer schemes. Example: As life expectancy increases, pension systems face financial strain.
- Tax Revenue — Income collected by governments through taxation to fund public services. Example: Ageing populations can reduce tax revenue due to a smaller workforce.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Ageing Population
- Birth Rate
- Dependency Ratio
- Pension
- Tax Revenue
Common Confusions
- Confusing birth rate with death rate
- Misunderstanding the impact of ageing populations on tax revenue
Typical Exam Questions
- What is an ageing population? An ageing population is when the median age of a country increases due to higher life expectancy and lower birth rates.
- How does a declining birth rate affect the economy? It can lead to a smaller future workforce, impacting economic growth and tax revenue.
- Why might governments raise the retirement age? To address labour shortages and reduce pension costs.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of demographic changes and their impacts
- Ability to explain economic pressures from ageing populations
- Knowledge of policy responses to demographic challenges