Study Notes
Climate change has widespread impacts on the environment, human populations, and global security, affecting natural systems and human livelihoods. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing strategies to manage climate change effectively.
- Rising Temperatures — Global temperatures have increased by 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. Example: This rise affects weather patterns and ecosystems.
- Sea Level Rise — Sea levels have risen approximately 20cm since 1900 due to thermal expansion and ice melt. Example: Coastal areas face increased flooding and erosion.
- Ocean Circulation Changes — Alterations in ocean currents like the AMOC affect global climate and marine life. Example: Changes impact weather patterns in Europe and North America.
- Cryosphere Changes — Melting ice sheets and glaciers contribute to sea level rise and alter freshwater supplies. Example: The Muir Glacier in Alaska has retreated over 12km since 1941.
- Species Distribution — Species are moving towards poles and higher elevations due to rising temperatures. Example: Marine species shift at approximately 70km per decade.
- Extreme Weather Events — Increased frequency and severity of events like cyclones, heatwaves, and wildfires. Example: Recent wildfires in Australia and California demonstrate this trend.
- Forced Migration — Climate impacts may displace up to 200 million people by 2050. Example: Sea level rise and droughts force people to leave their homes.
- Food Security Threats — Climate change reduces crop yields and increases food prices. Example: Heat stress affects wheat, maize, and rice production.
- Water Security Challenges — Reduced freshwater availability due to changing precipitation and glacier retreat. Example: Over 2 billion people live in water-scarce areas.
- Energy Security Impacts — Disruptions in energy production and distribution due to climate change. Example: Hydropower generation declines with reduced river flows.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Rising Temperatures
- Sea Level Rise
- Ocean Circulation Changes
- Cryosphere Changes
- Species Distribution
- Extreme Weather Events
- Forced Migration
- Food Security Threats
- Water Security Challenges
- Energy Security Impacts
Common Confusions
- Confusing sea level rise causes: thermal expansion vs. ice melt
- Misunderstanding the difference between weather and climate
Typical Exam Questions
- What are the main causes of sea level rise? Thermal expansion and ice melt contribute to sea level rise.
- How does climate change affect species distribution? Species move towards poles and higher elevations as temperatures rise.
- What are the impacts of extreme weather events? They cause damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and economic hardship.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of how climate change affects different environmental systems
- Ability to explain the interconnectedness of climate impacts
- Knowledge of specific examples illustrating climate change effects