Study Notes
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in environmental management to investigate questions and gather evidence-based conclusions. It involves observation, hypothesis formation, testing through investigation, and evaluation of results.
- Observation — identifying patterns or phenomena in the environment that require explanation Example: Noticing increased algae growth in a pond.
- Hypothesis — a testable explanation for an observation, based on existing knowledge Example: "If fertiliser use increases, then nitrate levels in nearby rivers will increase."
- Investigation — testing hypotheses through controlled experiments or systematic studies Example: Measuring plant growth under different light conditions.
- Independent Variable — the factor that the researcher deliberately changes during the investigation Example: Light intensity measured in lux.
- Dependent Variable — the factor that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable Example: Plant height measured in centimetres.
- Control Variables — all other factors that must be kept constant to ensure a fair test Example: Temperature, water volume, soil type.
- Scientific Theory — a well-supported, widely accepted explanation developed from consistently supported hypotheses Example: The theory of evolution.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
- Control Variables
- Scientific Theory
Common Confusions
- Confusing hypotheses with theories
- Misunderstanding the role of control variables
Typical Exam Questions
- What is a hypothesis? A testable explanation for an observation.
- How do independent and dependent variables differ? The independent variable is changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured.
- Why is controlling variables important? To ensure that the results are valid and reliable.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of the scientific method steps
- Ability to identify and define variables
- Application of the scientific method to environmental scenarios