Study Notes
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things, providing structure, taking in nutrients, and converting them into energy. Animal and plant cells have similarities and differences in their structures and functions.
- Cell — the basic unit of life in all living organisms. Example: Human body is composed of trillions of cells.
- Nucleus — serves as the cell’s command center, housing DNA. Example: Directs the cell to grow, mature, divide, or die.
- Plasma membrane — the outer lining of the cell that separates it from its environment. Example: Allows materials to enter and leave the cell.
- Cytoplasm — jelly-like fluid inside the cell surrounding the nucleus. Example: Contains cytosol and other structures.
- Mitochondria — organelles that convert energy from food into usable forms. Example: Have their own genetic material and can replicate themselves.
- Cell Wall — a rigid layer outside the cell membrane in plant cells. Example: Provides structural support and protection.
- Chloroplast — organelle in plants where photosynthesis occurs. Example: Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
- Sap Vacuole — large vacuoles in plant cells for storage and support. Example: Maintains water pressure in the cell.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Cell
- Nucleus
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Cell Wall
- Chloroplast
- Sap Vacuole
Common Confusions
- Confusing the roles of the nucleus and mitochondria.
- Mixing up the functions of the cell wall and plasma membrane.
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the function of the nucleus? It serves as the cell’s command center and houses DNA.
- How do plant and animal cells differ? Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles, while animal cells do not.
- What is the role of mitochondria? They convert energy from food into a usable form for the cell.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Differences between animal and plant cells
- Functions of various cell organelles