Summary
Control and coordination in mammals involve the endocrine system and the nervous system working together to regulate body functions. The endocrine system uses hormones to send messages, while the nervous system uses electrical impulses.
- Endocrine System — a collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate body processes. Example: The adrenal glands release adrenaline during stress.
- Nervous System — a network of neurons that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. Example: The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
- Neurones — specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses. Example: Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS.
- Sensory Receptor Cells — cells that detect stimuli and convert them into electrical impulses. Example: Photoreceptors in the eyes detect light.
- Action Potential — a rapid change in membrane potential that travels along a neuron. Example: An action potential is generated when a neuron is stimulated by a strong enough signal.
- Refractory Period — a period after an action potential when a neuron cannot fire again immediately. Example: This ensures that action potentials travel in one direction only.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Endocrine System: A system of glands that produce hormones.
- Nervous System: A network of neurons that transmit signals.
- Neurones: Cells that carry nerve impulses.
- Action Potential: A rapid change in electrical charge across a neuron's membrane.
Common Confusions
- Confusing the roles of the endocrine and nervous systems.
- Misunderstanding the difference between sensory and motor neurons.
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the function of the endocrine system? It regulates body processes through hormones.
- How do action potentials travel along a neuron? They travel as a wave of depolarization.
- What is the role of myelin in nerve impulse transmission? It speeds up transmission by allowing saltatory conduction.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Differences between the endocrine and nervous systems.
- The process of action potential generation and propagation.
- The structure and function of different types of neurons.