Summary
Thomas Hardy's poem "He Never Expected Much" is a reflection on life, where the speaker, presumably Hardy himself, acknowledges that the world has kept its promises by not promising much at all. The poem uses musical language and irony to convey a worldview of realistic expectations.
- Apostrophe — a direct address to someone or something not present. Example: The speaker addresses the "World" directly.
- Irony — expressing meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. Example: The "World" kept faith by promising little.
- Personification — giving human characteristics to non-human entities. Example: The "World" is given a voice to express its nature.
- Epizeuxis — repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession. Example: "Kept faith with me, / Kept faith with me."
- Alliteration — repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Example: "Well, World" and "smooth serenity."
- Assonance — repetition of vowel sounds within words. Example: "Well" and "kept" share similar vowel sounds.
Exam Tips
Key Definitions to Remember
- Apostrophe: A direct address to an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.
- Irony: A figure of speech where the intended meaning is opposite to the literal meaning.
- Personification: Attributing human characteristics to non-human entities.
Common Confusions
- Confusing irony with sarcasm; irony is broader and not always intended to mock.
- Mistaking personification for metaphor; personification specifically gives human traits.
Typical Exam Questions
- What is the significance of the poem's title? It reflects the speaker's realistic expectations of life.
- How does Hardy use language to convey his message? Through musical elements like alliteration and assonance.
- What is the tone of the poem? The tone is dryly ironic and reflective.
What Examiners Usually Test
- Understanding of literary devices like irony and personification.
- Ability to analyze the poem's tone and language.
- Interpretation of the speaker's worldview and its implications.