⚛️ IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet 2025
Complete Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH1) Formula Reference Guide
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics 4PH1
Essential IGCSE Physics Formulas
Master your Edexcel IGCSE Physics exams with our comprehensive formula sheet covering the Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH1) Higher Tier. This reference guide includes mechanics, thermal physics, waves, electricity, magnetism, nuclear physics, and space physics.
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Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet (2025 Specification)
Complete formula reference for Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH1)
Chapter 1: General Physics
Average speed (ms⁻¹) = distance (m) / time (s)
s = d/t Average velocity (ms⁻¹) = displacement (m) / time (s)
v = x/t Acceleration (ms⁻²) = (final velocity (ms⁻¹) - initial velocity(ms⁻¹)) / time (s)
a = (v-u)/t Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻²)
W = mg Earth's gravitational field strength = 9.8 ms⁻² (as of 2023)
g = 9.8 ms⁻² Force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (ms⁻²)
F = ma Density (kgm⁻³) = mass (kg) / volume (m³)
ρ = m/V Hooke's law: Force (N) = constant (Nm⁻¹) × extension (m)
F = kx Pressure (Pa) = Force (N) / area (m²)
P = F/A Fluid Pressure (Pa) = density (kgm⁻³) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻² or Nkg⁻¹) × height (m)
P = ρgh Work (J) = force (N) × distance moved (m)
W = Fd Power (W) = work (J) / time (s)
P = W/t Kinetic Energy (J) = ½ × mass (kg) × velocity² (ms⁻¹)
KE = ½mv² Gravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻² or Nkg⁻¹) × height (m)
GPE = mgh Efficiency (%) = (useful power output (W or J) / total power input (W or J)) × 100%
η = (P_out / P_in) × 100% Moment (Nm) = Force (N) × perpendicular distance from pivot (m)
M = Fd Sum of clockwise moments (Nm) = sum of anticlockwise moments (Nm)
F₁d₁ = F₂d₂ Momentum (kgms⁻¹) = mass (kg) × velocity (ms⁻¹)
p = mv Impulsive Force (N) = change in momentum (kgms⁻¹) / time (s)
F = Δp/t Impulse (kgms⁻¹ or Ns) = change in momentum (kgms⁻¹)
Δp = mv - mu Chapter 2: Thermal Physics
Boyle's Law for changes in gas pressure at constant temperature: pressure₁ (Pa) × volume₁ (m³) = pressure₂ (Pa) × volume₂ (m³)
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ Energy (J) = mass (kg) × specific heat capacity (Jkg⁻¹°C⁻¹) × temperature change (°C)
Q = mcθ Celsius to Kelvin:
C = K - 273.15 Chapter 3: Waves
Wave speed (ms⁻¹) = frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m)
V = fλ Frequency (Hz) = 1 / Period (s)
F = 1/T Refractive index = sine of the angle of incidence, i / sine of the angle of refraction, r
n = sin i / sin r Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in material
n = c/v Refractive index = 1 / sine of critical angle
n = 1/sin c Chapter 4: Electricity and Magnetism
Current (A) = charge (C) / time (s)
I = Q/t Voltage (V) = energy transferred (J) / charge (C)
V = W/Q Voltage (V) = current (A) × resistance (Ω)
V = IR Power (W) = current (A) × voltage (V)
P = IV Power (W) = current² (A) × resistance (Ω)
P = I²R Energy transferred (J) = current (A) × voltage (V) × time (s)
W = IVt Energy transferred (J) = power (W) × time (s)
W = Pt Resistors in series: Total Resistance (Ω) = sum of individual resistors (Ω)
R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... Rn Resistors in parallel: 1 / total resistance (Ω) = 1 / sum of individual resistors (Ω)
1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn Resistance (Ω) = resistivity (Ωm) × length (m) / area (m²)
R = ρL/A Wires have a circular cross section: area = π × radius²
A = πr² Transformers (Voltage and Turns): voltage in secondary coil (V) / voltage in primary coil (V) = turns on secondary coil / turns on primary coil
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Transformers (Voltage and Current): voltage in secondary coil (V) / voltage in primary coil (V) = current in secondary coil (A) / current in primary coil (A)
Vs/Vp = Is/Ip Chapter 5: Nuclear Physics
Alpha decay example: ²³⁸U₉₂ → ²³⁴Th₉₀ + ⁴He₂
ᴬZ X → ᴬ⁻⁴Z⁻² Y + ⁴He₂ Beta decay example: ²³⁴Th₉₀ → ²³⁴Pa₉₁ + ⁻¹e₀
ᴬZ X → ᴬZ⁺¹ Y + ⁻¹e₀ Gamma decay:
ᴬZ X → ᴬZ Y + γ Chapter 6: Space Physics
Average orbital speed (ms⁻¹) = 2 × π × average radius of the orbit (m) / orbital period (s)
v = 2πr/T Hubble's Law: distance of a far galaxy (m) / speed away from us (ms⁻¹) = 1 / Hubble Constant (s⁻¹)
d/v = 1/H₀ Hubble Constant = 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹
H₀ = 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹ 📚 How to Use This Formula Sheet
Practice Regularly
Use these formulas in practice problems to build muscle memory and confidence for your exams.
Understand, Don't Memorize
Learn the logic behind each formula rather than just memorizing. This helps in problem-solving.
Time Management
Know which formulas to apply quickly during exams. Practice identifying formula patterns in questions.
Review Consistently
Regular revision of formulas ensures they stay fresh in your memory when you need them most.
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